from sympy.core.sympify import sympify
from sympy.solvers.solveset import solveset
from sympy.simplify import simplify
from sympy import S
[docs]def singularities(expr, sym):
"""
Finds singularities for a function.
Currently supported functions are:
- univariate rational(real or complex) functions
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.calculus.singularities import singularities
>>> from sympy import Symbol, I, sqrt
>>> x = Symbol('x', real=True)
>>> y = Symbol('y', real=False)
>>> singularities(x**2 + x + 1, x)
EmptySet()
>>> singularities(1/(x + 1), x)
{-1}
>>> singularities(1/(y**2 + 1), y)
{-I, I}
>>> singularities(1/(y**3 + 1), y)
{-1, 1/2 - sqrt(3)*I/2, 1/2 + sqrt(3)*I/2}
References
==========
.. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_singularity
"""
if not expr.is_rational_function(sym):
raise NotImplementedError("Algorithms finding singularities for"
" non rational functions are not yet"
" implemented")
else:
return solveset(simplify(1/expr), sym)
###########################################################################
###################### DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS METHODS ######################
###########################################################################
[docs]def is_increasing(f, interval=S.Reals, symbol=None):
"""
Returns if a function is increasing or not, in the given
``Interval``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import is_increasing
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, oo
>>> is_increasing(x**3 - 3*x**2 + 4*x, S.Reals)
True
>>> is_increasing(-x**2, Interval(-oo, 0))
True
>>> is_increasing(-x**2, Interval(0, oo))
False
>>> is_increasing(4*x**3 - 6*x**2 - 72*x + 30, Interval(-2, 3))
False
>>> is_increasing(x**2 + y, Interval(1, 2), x)
True
"""
f = sympify(f)
free_sym = f.free_symbols
if symbol is None:
if len(free_sym) > 1:
raise NotImplementedError('is_increasing has not yet been implemented '
'for all multivariate expressions')
if len(free_sym) == 0:
return True
symbol = free_sym.pop()
df = f.diff(symbol)
df_nonneg_interval = solveset(df >= 0, symbol, domain=S.Reals)
return interval.is_subset(df_nonneg_interval)
[docs]def is_strictly_increasing(f, interval=S.Reals, symbol=None):
"""
Returns if a function is strictly increasing or not, in the given
``Interval``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import is_strictly_increasing
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import Interval, oo
>>> is_strictly_increasing(4*x**3 - 6*x**2 - 72*x + 30, Interval.Ropen(-oo, -2))
True
>>> is_strictly_increasing(4*x**3 - 6*x**2 - 72*x + 30, Interval.Lopen(3, oo))
True
>>> is_strictly_increasing(4*x**3 - 6*x**2 - 72*x + 30, Interval.open(-2, 3))
False
>>> is_strictly_increasing(-x**2, Interval(0, oo))
False
>>> is_strictly_increasing(-x**2 + y, Interval(-oo, 0), x)
False
"""
f = sympify(f)
free_sym = f.free_symbols
if symbol is None:
if len(free_sym) > 1:
raise NotImplementedError('is_strictly_increasing has not yet been implemented '
'for all multivariate expressions')
elif len(free_sym) == 0:
return False
symbol = free_sym.pop()
df = f.diff(symbol)
df_pos_interval = solveset(df > 0, symbol, domain=S.Reals)
return interval.is_subset(df_pos_interval)
[docs]def is_decreasing(f, interval=S.Reals, symbol=None):
"""
Returns if a function is decreasing or not, in the given
``Interval``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import is_decreasing
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, oo
>>> is_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.open(1.5, 3))
True
>>> is_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.Lopen(3, oo))
True
>>> is_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.Ropen(-oo, S(3)/2))
False
>>> is_decreasing(-x**2, Interval(-oo, 0))
False
>>> is_decreasing(-x**2 + y, Interval(-oo, 0), x)
False
"""
f = sympify(f)
free_sym = f.free_symbols
if symbol is None:
if len(free_sym) > 1:
raise NotImplementedError('is_decreasing has not yet been implemented '
'for all multivariate expressions')
elif len(free_sym) == 0:
return True
symbol = free_sym.pop()
df = f.diff(symbol)
df_nonpos_interval = solveset(df <= 0, symbol, domain=S.Reals)
return interval.is_subset(df_nonpos_interval)
[docs]def is_strictly_decreasing(f, interval=S.Reals, symbol=None):
"""
Returns if a function is strictly decreasing or not, in the given
``Interval``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import is_strictly_decreasing
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, oo
>>> is_strictly_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.open(1.5, 3))
True
>>> is_strictly_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.Lopen(3, oo))
True
>>> is_strictly_decreasing(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.Ropen(-oo, S(3)/2))
False
>>> is_strictly_decreasing(-x**2, Interval(-oo, 0))
False
>>> is_strictly_decreasing(-x**2 + y, Interval(-oo, 0), x)
False
"""
f = sympify(f)
free_sym = f.free_symbols
if symbol is None:
if len(free_sym) > 1:
raise NotImplementedError('is_strictly_decreasing has not yet been implemented '
'for all multivariate expressions')
elif len(free_sym) == 0:
return False
symbol = free_sym.pop()
df = f.diff(symbol)
df_neg_interval = solveset(df < 0, symbol, domain=S.Reals)
return interval.is_subset(df_neg_interval)
[docs]def is_monotonic(f, interval=S.Reals, symbol=None):
"""
Returns if a function is monotonic or not, in the given
``Interval``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import is_monotonic
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, oo
>>> is_monotonic(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.open(1.5, 3))
True
>>> is_monotonic(1/(x**2 - 3*x), Interval.Lopen(3, oo))
True
>>> is_monotonic(x**3 - 3*x**2 + 4*x, S.Reals)
True
>>> is_monotonic(-x**2, S.Reals)
False
>>> is_monotonic(x**2 + y + 1, Interval(1, 2), x)
True
"""
from sympy.core.logic import fuzzy_or
f = sympify(f)
free_sym = f.free_symbols
if symbol is None and len(free_sym) > 1:
raise NotImplementedError('is_monotonic has not yet been '
'for all multivariate expressions')
inc = is_increasing(f, interval, symbol)
dec = is_decreasing(f, interval, symbol)
return fuzzy_or([inc, dec])
