from __future__ import print_function, division
from sympy.core import S, Symbol, Add, sympify, Expr, PoleError, Mul
from sympy.core.compatibility import string_types
from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy
from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import factorial
from sympy.functions.special.gamma_functions import gamma
from sympy.series.order import Order
from .gruntz import gruntz
[docs]def limit(e, z, z0, dir="+"):
"""
Compute the limit of e(z) at the point z0.
z0 can be any expression, including oo and -oo.
For dir="+" (default) it calculates the limit from the right
(z->z0+) and for dir="-" the limit from the left (z->z0-). For infinite
z0 (oo or -oo), the dir argument is determined from the direction
of the infinity (i.e., dir="-" for oo).
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import limit, sin, Symbol, oo
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0)
1
>>> limit(1/x, x, 0, dir="+")
oo
>>> limit(1/x, x, 0, dir="-")
-oo
>>> limit(1/x, x, oo)
0
Notes
=====
First we try some heuristics for easy and frequent cases like "x", "1/x",
"x**2" and similar, so that it's fast. For all other cases, we use the
Gruntz algorithm (see the gruntz() function).
"""
return Limit(e, z, z0, dir).doit(deep=False)
def heuristics(e, z, z0, dir):
rv = None
if abs(z0) is S.Infinity:
rv = limit(e.subs(z, 1/z), z, S.Zero, "+" if z0 is S.Infinity else "-")
if isinstance(rv, Limit):
return
elif e.is_Mul or e.is_Add or e.is_Pow or e.is_Function:
r = []
for a in e.args:
l = limit(a, z, z0, dir)
if l.has(S.Infinity) and l.is_finite is None:
return
elif isinstance(l, Limit):
return
elif l is S.NaN:
return
else:
r.append(l)
if r:
rv = e.func(*r)
if rv is S.NaN:
return
return rv
[docs]class Limit(Expr):
"""Represents an unevaluated limit.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Limit, sin, Symbol
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0)
Limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0)
>>> Limit(1/x, x, 0, dir="-")
Limit(1/x, x, 0, dir='-')
"""
def __new__(cls, e, z, z0, dir="+"):
e = sympify(e)
z = sympify(z)
z0 = sympify(z0)
if z0 is S.Infinity:
dir = "-"
elif z0 is S.NegativeInfinity:
dir = "+"
if isinstance(dir, string_types):
dir = Symbol(dir)
elif not isinstance(dir, Symbol):
raise TypeError("direction must be of type basestring or Symbol, not %s" % type(dir))
if str(dir) not in ('+', '-'):
raise ValueError(
"direction must be either '+' or '-', not %s" % dir)
obj = Expr.__new__(cls)
obj._args = (e, z, z0, dir)
return obj
@property
def free_symbols(self):
e = self.args[0]
isyms = e.free_symbols
isyms.difference_update(self.args[1].free_symbols)
isyms.update(self.args[2].free_symbols)
return isyms
[docs] def doit(self, **hints):
"""Evaluates limit"""
from sympy.series.limitseq import limit_seq
e, z, z0, dir = self.args
if hints.get('deep', True):
e = e.doit(**hints)
z = z.doit(**hints)
z0 = z0.doit(**hints)
if e == z:
return z0
if not e.has(z):
return e
# gruntz fails on factorials but works with the gamma function
# If no factorial term is present, e should remain unchanged.
# factorial is defined to be zero for negative inputs (which
# differs from gamma) so only rewrite for positive z0.
if z0.is_positive:
e = e.rewrite(factorial, gamma)
if e.is_Mul:
if abs(z0) is S.Infinity:
# XXX todo: this should probably be stated in the
# negative -- i.e. to exclude expressions that should
# not be handled this way but I'm not sure what that
# condition is; when ok is True it means that the leading
# term approach is going to succeed (hopefully)
ok = lambda w: (z in w.free_symbols and
any(a.is_polynomial(z) or
any(z in m.free_symbols and m.is_polynomial(z)
for m in Mul.make_args(a))
for a in Add.make_args(w)))
if all(ok(w) for w in e.as_numer_denom()):
u = Dummy(positive=(z0 is S.Infinity))
inve = e.subs(z, 1/u)
r = limit(inve.as_leading_term(u), u,
S.Zero, "+" if z0 is S.Infinity else "-")
if isinstance(r, Limit):
return self
else:
return r
if e.is_Order:
return Order(limit(e.expr, z, z0), *e.args[1:])
try:
r = gruntz(e, z, z0, dir)
if r is S.NaN:
raise PoleError()
except (PoleError, ValueError):
r = heuristics(e, z, z0, dir)
if r is None:
return self
except NotImplementedError:
# Trying finding limits of sequences
if hints.get('sequence', True) and z0 is S.Infinity:
trials = hints.get('trials', 5)
r = limit_seq(e, z, trials)
if r is None:
raise NotImplementedError()
else:
raise NotImplementedError()
return r
