from __future__ import print_function, division
from sympy.logic.boolalg import And
from sympy.core.add import Add
from sympy.core.basic import Basic
from sympy.core.compatibility import as_int, with_metaclass, range, PY3
from sympy.core.expr import Expr
from sympy.core.function import Lambda, _coeff_isneg
from sympy.core.singleton import Singleton, S
from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy, symbols, Wild
from sympy.core.sympify import _sympify, sympify, converter
from sympy.sets.sets import (Set, Interval, Intersection, EmptySet, Union,
FiniteSet, imageset)
from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent, func_name
[docs]class Naturals(with_metaclass(Singleton, Set)):
"""
Represents the natural numbers (or counting numbers) which are all
positive integers starting from 1. This set is also available as
the Singleton, S.Naturals.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, pprint
>>> 5 in S.Naturals
True
>>> iterable = iter(S.Naturals)
>>> next(iterable)
1
>>> next(iterable)
2
>>> next(iterable)
3
>>> pprint(S.Naturals.intersect(Interval(0, 10)))
{1, 2, ..., 10}
See Also
========
Naturals0 : non-negative integers (i.e. includes 0, too)
Integers : also includes negative integers
"""
is_iterable = True
_inf = S.One
_sup = S.Infinity
def _intersect(self, other):
if other.is_Interval:
return Intersection(
S.Integers, other, Interval(self._inf, S.Infinity))
return None
def _contains(self, other):
if other.is_positive and other.is_integer:
return S.true
elif other.is_integer is False or other.is_positive is False:
return S.false
def __iter__(self):
i = self._inf
while True:
yield i
i = i + 1
@property
def _boundary(self):
return self
[docs]class Naturals0(Naturals):
"""Represents the whole numbers which are all the non-negative integers,
inclusive of zero.
See Also
========
Naturals : positive integers; does not include 0
Integers : also includes the negative integers
"""
_inf = S.Zero
def _contains(self, other):
if other.is_integer and other.is_nonnegative:
return S.true
elif other.is_integer is False or other.is_nonnegative is False:
return S.false
[docs]class Integers(with_metaclass(Singleton, Set)):
"""
Represents all integers: positive, negative and zero. This set is also
available as the Singleton, S.Integers.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import S, Interval, pprint
>>> 5 in S.Naturals
True
>>> iterable = iter(S.Integers)
>>> next(iterable)
0
>>> next(iterable)
1
>>> next(iterable)
-1
>>> next(iterable)
2
>>> pprint(S.Integers.intersect(Interval(-4, 4)))
{-4, -3, ..., 4}
See Also
========
Naturals0 : non-negative integers
Integers : positive and negative integers and zero
"""
is_iterable = True
def _intersect(self, other):
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import floor, ceiling
if other is Interval(S.NegativeInfinity, S.Infinity) or other is S.Reals:
return self
elif other.is_Interval:
s = Range(ceiling(other.left), floor(other.right) + 1)
return s.intersect(other) # take out endpoints if open interval
return None
def _contains(self, other):
if other.is_integer:
return S.true
elif other.is_integer is False:
return S.false
def __iter__(self):
yield S.Zero
i = S.One
while True:
yield i
yield -i
i = i + 1
@property
def _inf(self):
return -S.Infinity
@property
def _sup(self):
return S.Infinity
@property
def _boundary(self):
return self
def _eval_imageset(self, f):
expr = f.expr
if not isinstance(expr, Expr):
return
if len(f.variables) > 1:
return
n = f.variables[0]
# f(x) + c and f(-x) + c cover the same integers
# so choose the form that has the fewest negatives
c = f(0)
fx = f(n) - c
f_x = f(-n) - c
neg_count = lambda e: sum(_coeff_isneg(_) for _ in Add.make_args(e))
if neg_count(f_x) < neg_count(fx):
expr = f_x + c
a = Wild('a', exclude=[n])
b = Wild('b', exclude=[n])
match = expr.match(a*n + b)
if match and match[a]:
# canonical shift
expr = match[a]*n + match[b] % match[a]
if expr != f.expr:
return ImageSet(Lambda(n, expr), S.Integers)
class Reals(with_metaclass(Singleton, Interval)):
def __new__(cls):
return Interval.__new__(cls, -S.Infinity, S.Infinity)
def __eq__(self, other):
return other == Interval(-S.Infinity, S.Infinity)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(Interval(-S.Infinity, S.Infinity))
[docs]class ImageSet(Set):
"""
Image of a set under a mathematical function. The transformation
must be given as a Lambda function which has as many arguments
as the elements of the set upon which it operates, e.g. 1 argument
when acting on the set of integers or 2 arguments when acting on
a complex region.
This function is not normally called directly, but is called
from `imageset`.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Symbol, S, ImageSet, FiniteSet, Lambda
>>> x = Symbol('x')
>>> N = S.Naturals
>>> squares = ImageSet(Lambda(x, x**2), N) # {x**2 for x in N}
>>> 4 in squares
True
>>> 5 in squares
False
>>> FiniteSet(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10).intersect(squares)
{1, 4, 9}
>>> square_iterable = iter(squares)
>>> for i in range(4):
... next(square_iterable)
1
4
9
16
See Also
========
sympy.sets.sets.imageset
"""
def __new__(cls, lamda, base_set):
if not isinstance(lamda, Lambda):
raise ValueError('first argument must be a Lambda')
if lamda is S.IdentityFunction:
return base_set
if not lamda.expr.free_symbols or not lamda.expr.args:
return FiniteSet(lamda.expr)
return Basic.__new__(cls, lamda, base_set)
lamda = property(lambda self: self.args[0])
base_set = property(lambda self: self.args[1])
def __iter__(self):
already_seen = set()
for i in self.base_set:
val = self.lamda(i)
if val in already_seen:
continue
else:
already_seen.add(val)
yield val
def _is_multivariate(self):
return len(self.lamda.variables) > 1
def _contains(self, other):
from sympy.matrices import Matrix
from sympy.solvers.solveset import solveset, linsolve
from sympy.utilities.iterables import is_sequence, iterable, cartes
L = self.lamda
if is_sequence(other):
if not is_sequence(L.expr):
return S.false
if len(L.expr) != len(other):
raise ValueError(filldedent('''
Dimensions of other and output of Lambda are different.'''))
elif iterable(other):
raise ValueError(filldedent('''
`other` should be an ordered object like a Tuple.'''))
solns = None
if self._is_multivariate():
if not is_sequence(L.expr):
# exprs -> (numer, denom) and check again
# XXX this is a bad idea -- make the user
# remap self to desired form
return other.as_numer_denom() in self.func(
Lambda(L.variables, L.expr.as_numer_denom()), self.base_set)
eqs = [expr - val for val, expr in zip(other, L.expr)]
variables = L.variables
free = set(variables)
if all(i.is_number for i in list(Matrix(eqs).jacobian(variables))):
solns = list(linsolve([e - val for e, val in
zip(L.expr, other)], variables))
else:
syms = [e.free_symbols & free for e in eqs]
solns = {}
for i, (e, s, v) in enumerate(zip(eqs, syms, other)):
if not s:
if e != v:
return S.false
solns[vars[i]] = [v]
continue
elif len(s) == 1:
sy = s.pop()
sol = solveset(e, sy)
if sol is S.EmptySet:
return S.false
elif isinstance(sol, FiniteSet):
solns[sy] = list(sol)
else:
raise NotImplementedError
else:
raise NotImplementedError
solns = cartes(*[solns[s] for s in variables])
else:
x = L.variables[0]
if isinstance(L.expr, Expr):
# scalar -> scalar mapping
solnsSet = solveset(L.expr - other, x)
if solnsSet.is_FiniteSet:
solns = list(solnsSet)
else:
msgset = solnsSet
else:
# scalar -> vector
for e, o in zip(L.expr, other):
solns = solveset(e - o, x)
if solns is S.EmptySet:
return S.false
for soln in solns:
try:
if soln in self.base_set:
break # check next pair
except TypeError:
if self.base_set.contains(soln.evalf()):
break
else:
return S.false # never broke so there was no True
return S.true
if solns is None:
raise NotImplementedError(filldedent('''
Determining whether %s contains %s has not
been implemented.''' % (msgset, other)))
for soln in solns:
try:
if soln in self.base_set:
return S.true
except TypeError:
return self.base_set.contains(soln.evalf())
return S.false
@property
def is_iterable(self):
return self.base_set.is_iterable
def _intersect(self, other):
from sympy.solvers.diophantine import diophantine
if self.base_set is S.Integers:
g = None
if isinstance(other, ImageSet) and other.base_set is S.Integers:
g = other.lamda.expr
m = other.lamda.variables[0]
elif other is S.Integers:
m = g = Dummy('x')
if g is not None:
f = self.lamda.expr
n = self.lamda.variables[0]
# Diophantine sorts the solutions according to the alphabetic
# order of the variable names, since the result should not depend
# on the variable name, they are replaced by the dummy variables
# below
a, b = Dummy('a'), Dummy('b')
f, g = f.subs(n, a), g.subs(m, b)
solns_set = diophantine(f - g)
if solns_set == set():
return EmptySet()
solns = list(diophantine(f - g))
if len(solns) != 1:
return
# since 'a' < 'b', select soln for n
nsol = solns[0][0]
t = nsol.free_symbols.pop()
return imageset(Lambda(n, f.subs(a, nsol.subs(t, n))), S.Integers)
if other == S.Reals:
from sympy.solvers.solveset import solveset_real
from sympy.core.function import expand_complex
if len(self.lamda.variables) > 1:
return None
f = self.lamda.expr
n = self.lamda.variables[0]
n_ = Dummy(n.name, real=True)
f_ = f.subs(n, n_)
re, im = f_.as_real_imag()
im = expand_complex(im)
return imageset(Lambda(n_, re),
self.base_set.intersect(
solveset_real(im, n_)))
[docs]class Range(Set):
"""
Represents a range of integers. Can be called as Range(stop),
Range(start, stop), or Range(start, stop, step); when stop is
not given it defaults to 1.
`Range(stop)` is the same as `Range(0, stop, 1)` and the stop value
(juse as for Python ranges) is not included in the Range values.
>>> from sympy import Range
>>> list(Range(3))
[0, 1, 2]
The step can also be negative:
>>> list(Range(10, 0, -2))
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
The stop value is made canonical so equivalent ranges always
have the same args:
>>> Range(0, 10, 3)
Range(0, 12, 3)
Infinite ranges are allowed. If the starting point is infinite,
then the final value is ``stop - step``. To iterate such a range,
it needs to be reversed:
>>> from sympy import oo
>>> r = Range(-oo, 1)
>>> r[-1]
0
>>> next(iter(r))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Cannot iterate over Range with infinite start
>>> next(iter(r.reversed))
0
Although Range is a set (and supports the normal set
operations) it maintains the order of the elements and can
be used in contexts where `range` would be used.
>>> from sympy import Interval
>>> Range(0, 10, 2).intersect(Interval(3, 7))
Range(4, 8, 2)
>>> list(_)
[4, 6]
Athough slicing of a Range will always return a Range -- possibly
empty -- an empty set will be returned from any intersection that
is empty:
>>> Range(3)[:0]
Range(0, 0, 1)
>>> Range(3).intersect(Interval(4, oo))
EmptySet()
>>> Range(3).intersect(Range(4, oo))
EmptySet()
"""
is_iterable = True
def __new__(cls, *args):
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling
if len(args) == 1:
if isinstance(args[0], range if PY3 else xrange):
args = args[0].__reduce__()[1] # use pickle method
# expand range
slc = slice(*args)
if slc.step == 0:
raise ValueError("step cannot be 0")
start, stop, step = slc.start or 0, slc.stop, slc.step or 1
try:
start, stop, step = [
w if w in [S.NegativeInfinity, S.Infinity]
else sympify(as_int(w))
for w in (start, stop, step)]
except ValueError:
raise ValueError(filldedent('''
Finite arguments to Range must be integers; `imageset` can define
other cases, e.g. use `imageset(i, i/10, Range(3))` to give
[0, 1/10, 1/5].'''))
if not step.is_Integer:
raise ValueError(filldedent('''
Ranges must have a literal integer step.'''))
if all(i.is_infinite for i in (start, stop)):
if start == stop:
# canonical null handled below
start = stop = S.One
else:
raise ValueError(filldedent('''
Either the start or end value of the Range must be finite.'''))
if start.is_infinite:
end = stop
else:
ref = start if start.is_finite else stop
n = ceiling((stop - ref)/step)
if n <= 0:
# null Range
start = end = 0
step = 1
else:
end = ref + n*step
return Basic.__new__(cls, start, end, step)
start = property(lambda self: self.args[0])
stop = property(lambda self: self.args[1])
step = property(lambda self: self.args[2])
@property
def reversed(self):
"""Return an equivalent Range in the opposite order.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Range
>>> Range(10).reversed
Range(9, -1, -1)
"""
if not self:
return self
return self.func(
self.stop - self.step, self.start - self.step, -self.step)
def _intersect(self, other):
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling, floor
from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import sign
if other is S.Naturals:
return self._intersect(Interval(1, S.Infinity))
if other is S.Integers:
return self
if other.is_Interval:
if not all(i.is_number for i in other.args[:2]):
return
# trim down to self's size, and represent
# as a Range with step 1
start = ceiling(max(other.inf, self.inf))
if start not in other:
start += 1
end = floor(min(other.sup, self.sup))
if end not in other:
end -= 1
return self.intersect(Range(start, end + 1))
if isinstance(other, Range):
from sympy.solvers.diophantine import diop_linear
from sympy.core.numbers import ilcm
# non-overlap quick exits
if not other:
return S.EmptySet
if not self:
return S.EmptySet
if other.sup < self.inf:
return S.EmptySet
if other.inf > self.sup:
return S.EmptySet
# work with finite end at the start
r1 = self
if r1.start.is_infinite:
r1 = r1.reversed
r2 = other
if r2.start.is_infinite:
r2 = r2.reversed
# this equation represents the values of the Range;
# it's a linear equation
eq = lambda r, i: r.start + i*r.step
# we want to know when the two equations might
# have integer solutions so we use the diophantine
# solver
a, b = diop_linear(eq(r1, Dummy()) - eq(r2, Dummy()))
# check for no solution
no_solution = a is None and b is None
if no_solution:
return S.EmptySet
# there is a solution
# -------------------
# find the coincident point, c
a0 = a.as_coeff_Add()[0]
c = eq(r1, a0)
# find the first point, if possible, in each range
# since c may not be that point
def _first_finite_point(r1, c):
if c == r1.start:
return c
# st is the signed step we need to take to
# get from c to r1.start
st = sign(r1.start - c)*step
# use Range to calculate the first point:
# we want to get as close as possible to
# r1.start; the Range will not be null since
# it will at least contain c
s1 = Range(c, r1.start + st, st)[-1]
if s1 == r1.start:
pass
else:
# if we didn't hit r1.start then, if the
# sign of st didn't match the sign of r1.step
# we are off by one and s1 is not in r1
if sign(r1.step) != sign(st):
s1 -= st
if s1 not in r1:
return
return s1
# calculate the step size of the new Range
step = abs(ilcm(r1.step, r2.step))
s1 = _first_finite_point(r1, c)
if s1 is None:
return S.EmptySet
s2 = _first_finite_point(r2, c)
if s2 is None:
return S.EmptySet
# replace the corresponding start or stop in
# the original Ranges with these points; the
# result must have at least one point since
# we know that s1 and s2 are in the Ranges
def _updated_range(r, first):
st = sign(r.step)*step
if r.start.is_finite:
rv = Range(first, r.stop, st)
else:
rv = Range(r.start, first + st, st)
return rv
r1 = _updated_range(self, s1)
r2 = _updated_range(other, s2)
# work with them both in the increasing direction
if sign(r1.step) < 0:
r1 = r1.reversed
if sign(r2.step) < 0:
r2 = r2.reversed
# return clipped Range with positive step; it
# can't be empty at this point
start = max(r1.start, r2.start)
stop = min(r1.stop, r2.stop)
return Range(start, stop, step)
else:
return
def _contains(self, other):
if not self:
return S.false
if other.is_infinite:
return S.false
if not other.is_integer:
return other.is_integer
ref = self.start if self.start.is_finite else self.stop
if (ref - other) % self.step: # off sequence
return S.false
return _sympify(other >= self.inf and other <= self.sup)
def __iter__(self):
if self.start in [S.NegativeInfinity, S.Infinity]:
raise ValueError("Cannot iterate over Range with infinite start")
elif self:
i = self.start
step = self.step
while True:
if (step > 0 and not (self.start <= i < self.stop)) or \
(step < 0 and not (self.stop < i <= self.start)):
break
yield i
i += step
def __len__(self):
if not self:
return 0
dif = self.stop - self.start
if dif.is_infinite:
raise ValueError(
"Use .size to get the length of an infinite Range")
return abs(dif//self.step)
@property
def size(self):
try:
return _sympify(len(self))
except ValueError:
return S.Infinity
def __nonzero__(self):
return self.start != self.stop
__bool__ = __nonzero__
def __getitem__(self, i):
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling
ooslice = "cannot slice from the end with an infinite value"
zerostep = "slice step cannot be zero"
# if we had to take every other element in the following
# oo, ..., 6, 4, 2, 0
# we might get oo, ..., 4, 0 or oo, ..., 6, 2
ambiguous = "cannot unambiguously re-stride from the end " + \
"with an infinite value"
if isinstance(i, slice):
if self.size.is_finite:
start, stop, step = i.indices(self.size)
n = ceiling((stop - start)/step)
if n <= 0:
return Range(0)
canonical_stop = start + n*step
end = canonical_stop - step
ss = step*self.step
return Range(self[start], self[end] + ss, ss)
else: # infinite Range
start = i.start
stop = i.stop
if i.step == 0:
raise ValueError(zerostep)
step = i.step or 1
ss = step*self.step
#---------------------
# handle infinite on right
# e.g. Range(0, oo) or Range(0, -oo, -1)
# --------------------
if self.stop.is_infinite:
# start and stop are not interdependent --
# they only depend on step --so we use the
# equivalent reversed values
return self.reversed[
stop if stop is None else -stop + 1:
start if start is None else -start:
step].reversed
#---------------------
# handle infinite on the left
# e.g. Range(oo, 0, -1) or Range(-oo, 0)
# --------------------
# consider combinations of
# start/stop {== None, < 0, == 0, > 0} and
# step {< 0, > 0}
if start is None:
if stop is None:
if step < 0:
return Range(self[-1], self.start, ss)
elif step > 1:
raise ValueError(ambiguous)
else: # == 1
return self
elif stop < 0:
if step < 0:
return Range(self[-1], self[stop], ss)
else: # > 0
return Range(self.start, self[stop], ss)
elif stop == 0:
if step > 0:
return Range(0)
else: # < 0
raise ValueError(ooslice)
elif stop == 1:
if step > 0:
raise ValueError(ooslice) # infinite singleton
else: # < 0
raise ValueError(ooslice)
else: # > 1
raise ValueError(ooslice)
elif start < 0:
if stop is None:
if step < 0:
return Range(self[start], self.start, ss)
else: # > 0
return Range(self[start], self.stop, ss)
elif stop < 0:
return Range(self[start], self[stop], ss)
elif stop == 0:
if step < 0:
raise ValueError(ooslice)
else: # > 0
return Range(0)
elif stop > 0:
raise ValueError(ooslice)
elif start == 0:
if stop is None:
if step < 0:
raise ValueError(ooslice) # infinite singleton
elif step > 1:
raise ValueError(ambiguous)
else: # == 1
return self
elif stop < 0:
if step > 1:
raise ValueError(ambiguous)
elif step == 1:
return Range(self.start, self[stop], ss)
else: # < 0
return Range(0)
else: # >= 0
raise ValueError(ooslice)
elif start > 0:
raise ValueError(ooslice)
else:
if not self:
raise IndexError('Range index out of range')
if i == 0:
return self.start
if i == -1 or i is S.Infinity:
return self.stop - self.step
rv = (self.stop if i < 0 else self.start) + i*self.step
if rv.is_infinite:
raise ValueError(ooslice)
if rv < self.inf or rv > self.sup:
raise IndexError("Range index out of range")
return rv
def _eval_imageset(self, f):
from sympy.core.function import expand_mul
if not self:
return S.EmptySet
if not isinstance(f.expr, Expr):
return
if self.size == 1:
return FiniteSet(f(self[0]))
if f is S.IdentityFunction:
return self
x = f.variables[0]
expr = f.expr
# handle f that is linear in f's variable
if x not in expr.free_symbols or x in expr.diff(x).free_symbols:
return
if self.start.is_finite:
F = f(self.step*x + self.start) # for i in range(len(self))
else:
F = f(-self.step*x + self[-1])
F = expand_mul(F)
if F != expr:
return imageset(x, F, Range(self.size))
@property
def _inf(self):
if not self:
raise NotImplementedError
if self.step > 0:
return self.start
else:
return self.stop - self.step
@property
def _sup(self):
if not self:
raise NotImplementedError
if self.step > 0:
return self.stop - self.step
else:
return self.start
@property
def _boundary(self):
return self
if PY3:
converter[range] = Range
else:
converter[xrange] = Range
[docs]def normalize_theta_set(theta):
"""
Normalize a Real Set `theta` in the Interval [0, 2*pi). It returns
a normalized value of theta in the Set. For Interval, a maximum of
one cycle [0, 2*pi], is returned i.e. for theta equal to [0, 10*pi],
returned normalized value would be [0, 2*pi). As of now intervals
with end points as non-multiples of `pi` is not supported.
Raises
======
NotImplementedError
The algorithms for Normalizing theta Set are not yet
implemented.
ValueError
The input is not valid, i.e. the input is not a real set.
RuntimeError
It is a bug, please report to the github issue tracker.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.sets.fancysets import normalize_theta_set
>>> from sympy import Interval, FiniteSet, pi
>>> normalize_theta_set(Interval(9*pi/2, 5*pi))
[pi/2, pi]
>>> normalize_theta_set(Interval(-3*pi/2, pi/2))
[0, 2*pi)
>>> normalize_theta_set(Interval(-pi/2, pi/2))
[0, pi/2] U [3*pi/2, 2*pi)
>>> normalize_theta_set(Interval(-4*pi, 3*pi))
[0, 2*pi)
>>> normalize_theta_set(Interval(-3*pi/2, -pi/2))
[pi/2, 3*pi/2]
>>> normalize_theta_set(FiniteSet(0, pi, 3*pi))
{0, pi}
"""
from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import _pi_coeff as coeff
if theta.is_Interval:
interval_len = theta.measure
# one complete circle
if interval_len >= 2*S.Pi:
if interval_len == 2*S.Pi and theta.left_open and theta.right_open:
k = coeff(theta.start)
return Union(Interval(0, k*S.Pi, False, True),
Interval(k*S.Pi, 2*S.Pi, True, True))
return Interval(0, 2*S.Pi, False, True)
k_start, k_end = coeff(theta.start), coeff(theta.end)
if k_start is None or k_end is None:
raise NotImplementedError("Normalizing theta without pi as coefficient is "
"not yet implemented")
new_start = k_start*S.Pi
new_end = k_end*S.Pi
if new_start > new_end:
return Union(Interval(S.Zero, new_end, False, theta.right_open),
Interval(new_start, 2*S.Pi, theta.left_open, True))
else:
return Interval(new_start, new_end, theta.left_open, theta.right_open)
elif theta.is_FiniteSet:
new_theta = []
for element in theta:
k = coeff(element)
if k is None:
raise NotImplementedError('Normalizing theta without pi as '
'coefficient, is not Implemented.')
else:
new_theta.append(k*S.Pi)
return FiniteSet(*new_theta)
elif theta.is_Union:
return Union(*[normalize_theta_set(interval) for interval in theta.args])
elif theta.is_subset(S.Reals):
raise NotImplementedError("Normalizing theta when, it is of type %s is not "
"implemented" % type(theta))
else:
raise ValueError(" %s is not a real set" % (theta))
[docs]class ComplexRegion(Set):
"""
Represents the Set of all Complex Numbers. It can represent a
region of Complex Plane in both the standard forms Polar and
Rectangular coordinates.
* Polar Form
Input is in the form of the ProductSet or Union of ProductSets
of the intervals of r and theta, & use the flag polar=True.
Z = {z in C | z = r*[cos(theta) + I*sin(theta)], r in [r], theta in [theta]}
* Rectangular Form
Input is in the form of the ProductSet or Union of ProductSets
of interval of x and y the of the Complex numbers in a Plane.
Default input type is in rectangular form.
Z = {z in C | z = x + I*y, x in [Re(z)], y in [Im(z)]}
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.sets.fancysets import ComplexRegion
>>> from sympy.sets import Interval
>>> from sympy import S, I, Union
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 6)
>>> c = Interval(1, 8)
>>> c1 = ComplexRegion(a*b) # Rectangular Form
>>> c1
ComplexRegion([2, 3] x [4, 6], False)
* c1 represents the rectangular region in complex plane
surrounded by the coordinates (2, 4), (3, 4), (3, 6) and
(2, 6), of the four vertices.
>>> c2 = ComplexRegion(Union(a*b, b*c))
>>> c2
ComplexRegion([2, 3] x [4, 6] U [4, 6] x [1, 8], False)
* c2 represents the Union of two rectangular regions in complex
plane. One of them surrounded by the coordinates of c1 and
other surrounded by the coordinates (4, 1), (6, 1), (6, 8) and
(4, 8).
>>> 2.5 + 4.5*I in c1
True
>>> 2.5 + 6.5*I in c1
False
>>> r = Interval(0, 1)
>>> theta = Interval(0, 2*S.Pi)
>>> c2 = ComplexRegion(r*theta, polar=True) # Polar Form
>>> c2 # unit Disk
ComplexRegion([0, 1] x [0, 2*pi), True)
* c2 represents the region in complex plane inside the
Unit Disk centered at the origin.
>>> 0.5 + 0.5*I in c2
True
>>> 1 + 2*I in c2
False
>>> unit_disk = ComplexRegion(Interval(0, 1)*Interval(0, 2*S.Pi), polar=True)
>>> upper_half_unit_disk = ComplexRegion(Interval(0, 1)*Interval(0, S.Pi), polar=True)
>>> intersection = unit_disk.intersect(upper_half_unit_disk)
>>> intersection
ComplexRegion([0, 1] x [0, pi], True)
>>> intersection == upper_half_unit_disk
True
See Also
========
Reals
"""
is_ComplexRegion = True
def __new__(cls, sets, polar=False):
from sympy import sin, cos
x, y, r, theta = symbols('x, y, r, theta', cls=Dummy)
I = S.ImaginaryUnit
polar = sympify(polar)
# Rectangular Form
if polar == False:
if all(_a.is_FiniteSet for _a in sets.args) and (len(sets.args) == 2):
# ** ProductSet of FiniteSets in the Complex Plane. **
# For Cases like ComplexRegion({2, 4}*{3}), It
# would return {2 + 3*I, 4 + 3*I}
complex_num = []
for x in sets.args[0]:
for y in sets.args[1]:
complex_num.append(x + I*y)
obj = FiniteSet(*complex_num)
else:
obj = ImageSet.__new__(cls, Lambda((x, y), x + I*y), sets)
obj._variables = (x, y)
obj._expr = x + I*y
# Polar Form
elif polar == True:
new_sets = []
# sets is Union of ProductSets
if not sets.is_ProductSet:
for k in sets.args:
new_sets.append(k)
# sets is ProductSets
else:
new_sets.append(sets)
# Normalize input theta
for k, v in enumerate(new_sets):
from sympy.sets import ProductSet
new_sets[k] = ProductSet(v.args[0],
normalize_theta_set(v.args[1]))
sets = Union(*new_sets)
obj = ImageSet.__new__(cls, Lambda((r, theta),
r*(cos(theta) + I*sin(theta))),
sets)
obj._variables = (r, theta)
obj._expr = r*(cos(theta) + I*sin(theta))
else:
raise ValueError("polar should be either True or False")
obj._sets = sets
obj._polar = polar
return obj
@property
def sets(self):
"""
Return raw input sets to the self.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, Union
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 5)
>>> c = Interval(1, 7)
>>> C1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> C1.sets
[2, 3] x [4, 5]
>>> C2 = ComplexRegion(Union(a*b, b*c))
>>> C2.sets
[2, 3] x [4, 5] U [4, 5] x [1, 7]
"""
return self._sets
@property
def args(self):
return (self._sets, self._polar)
@property
def variables(self):
return self._variables
@property
def expr(self):
return self._expr
@property
def psets(self):
"""
Return a tuple of sets (ProductSets) input of the self.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, Union
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 5)
>>> c = Interval(1, 7)
>>> C1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> C1.psets
([2, 3] x [4, 5],)
>>> C2 = ComplexRegion(Union(a*b, b*c))
>>> C2.psets
([2, 3] x [4, 5], [4, 5] x [1, 7])
"""
if self.sets.is_ProductSet:
psets = ()
psets = psets + (self.sets, )
else:
psets = self.sets.args
return psets
@property
def a_interval(self):
"""
Return the union of intervals of `x` when, self is in
rectangular form, or the union of intervals of `r` when
self is in polar form.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, Union
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 5)
>>> c = Interval(1, 7)
>>> C1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> C1.a_interval
[2, 3]
>>> C2 = ComplexRegion(Union(a*b, b*c))
>>> C2.a_interval
[2, 3] U [4, 5]
"""
a_interval = []
for element in self.psets:
a_interval.append(element.args[0])
a_interval = Union(*a_interval)
return a_interval
@property
def b_interval(self):
"""
Return the union of intervals of `y` when, self is in
rectangular form, or the union of intervals of `theta`
when self is in polar form.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, Union
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 5)
>>> c = Interval(1, 7)
>>> C1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> C1.b_interval
[4, 5]
>>> C2 = ComplexRegion(Union(a*b, b*c))
>>> C2.b_interval
[1, 7]
"""
b_interval = []
for element in self.psets:
b_interval.append(element.args[1])
b_interval = Union(*b_interval)
return b_interval
@property
def polar(self):
"""
Returns True if self is in polar form.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, Union, S
>>> a = Interval(2, 3)
>>> b = Interval(4, 5)
>>> theta = Interval(0, 2*S.Pi)
>>> C1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> C1.polar
False
>>> C2 = ComplexRegion(a*theta, polar=True)
>>> C2.polar
True
"""
return self._polar
@property
def _measure(self):
"""
The measure of self.sets.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Interval, ComplexRegion, S
>>> a, b = Interval(2, 5), Interval(4, 8)
>>> c = Interval(0, 2*S.Pi)
>>> c1 = ComplexRegion(a*b)
>>> c1.measure
12
>>> c2 = ComplexRegion(a*c, polar=True)
>>> c2.measure
6*pi
"""
return self.sets._measure
def _contains(self, other):
from sympy.functions import arg, Abs
from sympy.core.containers import Tuple
other = sympify(other)
isTuple = isinstance(other, Tuple)
if isTuple and len(other) != 2:
raise ValueError('expecting Tuple of length 2')
# self in rectangular form
if not self.polar:
re, im = other if isTuple else other.as_real_imag()
for element in self.psets:
if And(element.args[0]._contains(re),
element.args[1]._contains(im)):
return True
return False
# self in polar form
elif self.polar:
if isTuple:
r, theta = other
elif other.is_zero:
r, theta = S.Zero, S.Zero
else:
r, theta = Abs(other), arg(other)
for element in self.psets:
if And(element.args[0]._contains(r),
element.args[1]._contains(theta)):
return True
return False
def _intersect(self, other):
if other.is_ComplexRegion:
# self in rectangular form
if (not self.polar) and (not other.polar):
return ComplexRegion(Intersection(self.sets, other.sets))
# self in polar form
elif self.polar and other.polar:
r1, theta1 = self.a_interval, self.b_interval
r2, theta2 = other.a_interval, other.b_interval
new_r_interval = Intersection(r1, r2)
new_theta_interval = Intersection(theta1, theta2)
# 0 and 2*Pi means the same
if ((2*S.Pi in theta1 and S.Zero in theta2) or
(2*S.Pi in theta2 and S.Zero in theta1)):
new_theta_interval = Union(new_theta_interval,
FiniteSet(0))
return ComplexRegion(new_r_interval*new_theta_interval,
polar=True)
if other is S.Reals:
return other
if other.is_subset(S.Reals):
new_interval = []
# self in rectangular form
if not self.polar:
for element in self.psets:
if S.Zero in element.args[0]:
new_interval.append(element.args[0])
new_interval = Union(*new_interval)
return Intersection(new_interval, other)
# self in polar form
elif self.polar:
for element in self.psets:
if (0 in element.args[1]) or (S.Pi in element.args[1]):
new_interval.append(element.args[0])
new_interval = Union(*new_interval)
return Intersection(new_interval, other)
def _union(self, other):
if other.is_ComplexRegion:
# self in rectangular form
if (not self.polar) and (not other.polar):
return ComplexRegion(Union(self.sets, other.sets))
# self in polar form
elif self.polar and other.polar:
return ComplexRegion(Union(self.sets, other.sets), polar=True)
if self == S.Complexes:
return self
return None
class Complexes(with_metaclass(Singleton, ComplexRegion)):
def __new__(cls):
return ComplexRegion.__new__(cls, S.Reals*S.Reals)
def __eq__(self, other):
return other == ComplexRegion(S.Reals*S.Reals)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(ComplexRegion(S.Reals*S.Reals))
def __str__(self):
return "S.Complexes"
def __repr__(self):
return "S.Complexes"
