"""Module with functions operating on IndexedBase, Indexed and Idx objects
- Check shape conformance
- Determine indices in resulting expression
etc.
Methods in this module could be implemented by calling methods on Expr
objects instead. When things stabilize this could be a useful
refactoring.
"""
from __future__ import print_function, division
from sympy.core.function import Function
from sympy.functions import exp, Piecewise
from sympy.tensor.indexed import Idx, Indexed
from sympy.core.compatibility import reduce
class IndexConformanceException(Exception):
pass
def _remove_repeated(inds):
"""Removes repeated objects from sequences
Returns a set of the unique objects and a tuple of all that have been
removed.
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import _remove_repeated
>>> l1 = [1, 2, 3, 2]
>>> _remove_repeated(l1)
(set([1, 3]), (2,))
"""
sum_index = {}
for i in inds:
if i in sum_index:
sum_index[i] += 1
else:
sum_index[i] = 0
inds = [x for x in inds if not sum_index[x]]
return set(inds), tuple([ i for i in sum_index if sum_index[i] ])
def _get_indices_Mul(expr, return_dummies=False):
"""Determine the outer indices of a Mul object.
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import _get_indices_Mul
>>> from sympy.tensor.indexed import IndexedBase, Idx
>>> i, j, k = map(Idx, ['i', 'j', 'k'])
>>> x = IndexedBase('x')
>>> y = IndexedBase('y')
>>> _get_indices_Mul(x[i, k]*y[j, k])
(set([i, j]), {})
>>> _get_indices_Mul(x[i, k]*y[j, k], return_dummies=True)
(set([i, j]), {}, (k,))
"""
inds = list(map(get_indices, expr.args))
inds, syms = list(zip(*inds))
inds = list(map(list, inds))
inds = list(reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, inds))
inds, dummies = _remove_repeated(inds)
symmetry = {}
for s in syms:
for pair in s:
if pair in symmetry:
symmetry[pair] *= s[pair]
else:
symmetry[pair] = s[pair]
if return_dummies:
return inds, symmetry, dummies
else:
return inds, symmetry
def _get_indices_Pow(expr):
"""Determine outer indices of a power or an exponential.
A power is considered a universal function, so that the indices of a Pow is
just the collection of indices present in the expression. This may be
viewed as a bit inconsistent in the special case:
x[i]**2 = x[i]*x[i] (1)
The above expression could have been interpreted as the contraction of x[i]
with itself, but we choose instead to interpret it as a function
lambda y: y**2
applied to each element of x (a universal function in numpy terms). In
order to allow an interpretation of (1) as a contraction, we need
contravariant and covariant Idx subclasses. (FIXME: this is not yet
implemented)
Expressions in the base or exponent are subject to contraction as usual,
but an index that is present in the exponent, will not be considered
contractable with its own base. Note however, that indices in the same
exponent can be contracted with each other.
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import _get_indices_Pow
>>> from sympy import Pow, exp, IndexedBase, Idx
>>> A = IndexedBase('A')
>>> x = IndexedBase('x')
>>> i, j, k = map(Idx, ['i', 'j', 'k'])
>>> _get_indices_Pow(exp(A[i, j]*x[j]))
(set([i]), {})
>>> _get_indices_Pow(Pow(x[i], x[i]))
(set([i]), {})
>>> _get_indices_Pow(Pow(A[i, j]*x[j], x[i]))
(set([i]), {})
"""
base, exp = expr.as_base_exp()
binds, bsyms = get_indices(base)
einds, esyms = get_indices(exp)
inds = binds | einds
# FIXME: symmetries from power needs to check special cases, else nothing
symmetries = {}
return inds, symmetries
def _get_indices_Add(expr):
"""Determine outer indices of an Add object.
In a sum, each term must have the same set of outer indices. A valid
expression could be
x(i)*y(j) - x(j)*y(i)
But we do not allow expressions like:
x(i)*y(j) - z(j)*z(j)
FIXME: Add support for Numpy broadcasting
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import _get_indices_Add
>>> from sympy.tensor.indexed import IndexedBase, Idx
>>> i, j, k = map(Idx, ['i', 'j', 'k'])
>>> x = IndexedBase('x')
>>> y = IndexedBase('y')
>>> _get_indices_Add(x[i] + x[k]*y[i, k])
(set([i]), {})
"""
inds = list(map(get_indices, expr.args))
inds, syms = list(zip(*inds))
# allow broadcast of scalars
non_scalars = [x for x in inds if x != set()]
if not non_scalars:
return set(), {}
if not all([x == non_scalars[0] for x in non_scalars[1:]]):
raise IndexConformanceException("Indices are not consistent: %s" % expr)
if not reduce(lambda x, y: x != y or y, syms):
symmetries = syms[0]
else:
# FIXME: search for symmetries
symmetries = {}
return non_scalars[0], symmetries
[docs]def get_indices(expr):
"""Determine the outer indices of expression ``expr``
By *outer* we mean indices that are not summation indices. Returns a set
and a dict. The set contains outer indices and the dict contains
information about index symmetries.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import get_indices
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> from sympy.tensor import IndexedBase, Idx
>>> x, y, A = map(IndexedBase, ['x', 'y', 'A'])
>>> i, j, a, z = symbols('i j a z', integer=True)
The indices of the total expression is determined, Repeated indices imply a
summation, for instance the trace of a matrix A:
>>> get_indices(A[i, i])
(set(), {})
In the case of many terms, the terms are required to have identical
outer indices. Else an IndexConformanceException is raised.
>>> get_indices(x[i] + A[i, j]*y[j])
(set([i]), {})
:Exceptions:
An IndexConformanceException means that the terms ar not compatible, e.g.
>>> get_indices(x[i] + y[j]) #doctest: +SKIP
(...)
IndexConformanceException: Indices are not consistent: x(i) + y(j)
.. warning::
The concept of *outer* indices applies recursively, starting on the deepest
level. This implies that dummies inside parenthesis are assumed to be
summed first, so that the following expression is handled gracefully:
>>> get_indices((x[i] + A[i, j]*y[j])*x[j])
(set([i, j]), {})
This is correct and may appear convenient, but you need to be careful
with this as SymPy will happily .expand() the product, if requested. The
resulting expression would mix the outer ``j`` with the dummies inside
the parenthesis, which makes it a different expression. To be on the
safe side, it is best to avoid such ambiguities by using unique indices
for all contractions that should be held separate.
"""
# We call ourself recursively to determine indices of sub expressions.
# break recursion
if isinstance(expr, Indexed):
c = expr.indices
inds, dummies = _remove_repeated(c)
return inds, {}
elif expr is None:
return set(), {}
elif expr.is_Atom:
return set(), {}
elif isinstance(expr, Idx):
return {expr}, {}
# recurse via specialized functions
else:
if expr.is_Mul:
return _get_indices_Mul(expr)
elif expr.is_Add:
return _get_indices_Add(expr)
elif expr.is_Pow or isinstance(expr, exp):
return _get_indices_Pow(expr)
elif isinstance(expr, Piecewise):
# FIXME: No support for Piecewise yet
return set(), {}
elif isinstance(expr, Function):
# Support ufunc like behaviour by returning indices from arguments.
# Functions do not interpret repeated indices across argumnts
# as summation
ind0 = set()
for arg in expr.args:
ind, sym = get_indices(arg)
ind0 |= ind
return ind0, sym
# this test is expensive, so it should be at the end
elif not expr.has(Indexed):
return set(), {}
raise NotImplementedError(
"FIXME: No specialized handling of type %s" % type(expr))
[docs]def get_contraction_structure(expr):
"""Determine dummy indices of ``expr`` and describe its structure
By *dummy* we mean indices that are summation indices.
The stucture of the expression is determined and described as follows:
1) A conforming summation of Indexed objects is described with a dict where
the keys are summation indices and the corresponding values are sets
containing all terms for which the summation applies. All Add objects
in the SymPy expression tree are described like this.
2) For all nodes in the SymPy expression tree that are *not* of type Add, the
following applies:
If a node discovers contractions in one of its arguments, the node
itself will be stored as a key in the dict. For that key, the
corresponding value is a list of dicts, each of which is the result of a
recursive call to get_contraction_structure(). The list contains only
dicts for the non-trivial deeper contractions, ommitting dicts with None
as the one and only key.
.. Note:: The presence of expressions among the dictinary keys indicates
multiple levels of index contractions. A nested dict displays nested
contractions and may itself contain dicts from a deeper level. In
practical calculations the summation in the deepest nested level must be
calculated first so that the outer expression can access the resulting
indexed object.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.tensor.index_methods import get_contraction_structure
>>> from sympy import symbols, default_sort_key
>>> from sympy.tensor import IndexedBase, Idx
>>> x, y, A = map(IndexedBase, ['x', 'y', 'A'])
>>> i, j, k, l = map(Idx, ['i', 'j', 'k', 'l'])
>>> get_contraction_structure(x[i]*y[i] + A[j, j])
{(i,): set([x[i]*y[i]]), (j,): set([A[j, j]])}
>>> get_contraction_structure(x[i]*y[j])
{None: set([x[i]*y[j]])}
A multiplication of contracted factors results in nested dicts representing
the internal contractions.
>>> d = get_contraction_structure(x[i, i]*y[j, j])
>>> sorted(d.keys(), key=default_sort_key)
[None, x[i, i]*y[j, j]]
In this case, the product has no contractions:
>>> d[None]
set([x[i, i]*y[j, j]])
Factors are contracted "first":
>>> sorted(d[x[i, i]*y[j, j]], key=default_sort_key)
[{(i,): set([x[i, i]])}, {(j,): set([y[j, j]])}]
A parenthesized Add object is also returned as a nested dictionary. The
term containing the parenthesis is a Mul with a contraction among the
arguments, so it will be found as a key in the result. It stores the
dictionary resulting from a recursive call on the Add expression.
>>> d = get_contraction_structure(x[i]*(y[i] + A[i, j]*x[j]))
>>> sorted(d.keys(), key=default_sort_key)
[(x[j]*A[i, j] + y[i])*x[i], (i,)]
>>> d[(i,)]
set([(x[j]*A[i, j] + y[i])*x[i]])
>>> d[x[i]*(A[i, j]*x[j] + y[i])]
[{None: set([y[i]]), (j,): set([x[j]*A[i, j]])}]
Powers with contractions in either base or exponent will also be found as
keys in the dictionary, mapping to a list of results from recursive calls:
>>> d = get_contraction_structure(A[j, j]**A[i, i])
>>> d[None]
set([A[j, j]**A[i, i]])
>>> nested_contractions = d[A[j, j]**A[i, i]]
>>> nested_contractions[0]
{(j,): set([A[j, j]])}
>>> nested_contractions[1]
{(i,): set([A[i, i]])}
The description of the contraction structure may appear complicated when
represented with a string in the above examples, but it is easy to iterate
over:
>>> from sympy import Expr
>>> for key in d:
... if isinstance(key, Expr):
... continue
... for term in d[key]:
... if term in d:
... # treat deepest contraction first
... pass
... # treat outermost contactions here
"""
# We call ourself recursively to inspect sub expressions.
if isinstance(expr, Indexed):
junk, key = _remove_repeated(expr.indices)
return {key or None: {expr}}
elif expr.is_Atom:
return {None: {expr}}
elif expr.is_Mul:
junk, junk, key = _get_indices_Mul(expr, return_dummies=True)
result = {key or None: {expr}}
# recurse on every factor
nested = []
for fac in expr.args:
facd = get_contraction_structure(fac)
if not (None in facd and len(facd) == 1):
nested.append(facd)
if nested:
result[expr] = nested
return result
elif expr.is_Pow or isinstance(expr, exp):
# recurse in base and exp separately. If either has internal
# contractions we must include ourselves as a key in the returned dict
b, e = expr.as_base_exp()
dbase = get_contraction_structure(b)
dexp = get_contraction_structure(e)
dicts = []
for d in dbase, dexp:
if not (None in d and len(d) == 1):
dicts.append(d)
result = {None: {expr}}
if dicts:
result[expr] = dicts
return result
elif expr.is_Add:
# Note: we just collect all terms with identical summation indices, We
# do nothing to identify equivalent terms here, as this would require
# substitutions or pattern matching in expressions of unknown
# complexity.
result = {}
for term in expr.args:
# recurse on every term
d = get_contraction_structure(term)
for key in d:
if key in result:
result[key] |= d[key]
else:
result[key] = d[key]
return result
elif isinstance(expr, Piecewise):
# FIXME: No support for Piecewise yet
return {None: expr}
elif isinstance(expr, Function):
# Collect non-trivial contraction structures in each argument
# We do not report repeated indices in separate arguments as a
# contraction
deeplist = []
for arg in expr.args:
deep = get_contraction_structure(arg)
if not (None in deep and len(deep) == 1):
deeplist.append(deep)
d = {None: {expr}}
if deeplist:
d[expr] = deeplist
return d
# this test is expensive, so it should be at the end
elif not expr.has(Indexed):
return {None: {expr}}
raise NotImplementedError(
"FIXME: No specialized handling of type %s" % type(expr))
